Then they abandoned their city and vanished. The saline sands of the Rann of Kutch covered it. To our good fortune, it was discovered by the historical pioneers of our Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)—and we became aware of Dholavira.

Very little rain falls in this arid area, and even that deluges in a short burst and is carried away by seasonal, rushing torrents. Using incredible water-harvesting skills, the unknown, ancient, immigrants tapped every drop and diverted it into large, water-tight reservoirs. Wedge-shaped bricks increased the storage tanks’ water-tight integrity. The reservoirs were accessed by flights of steps and could have been the models for the step-wells of Gujarat.

Civic responsibilities were rigidly adhered to—from water-borne sanitation in every house to the street corners of buildings being indented to prevent damage by bullock-drawn vehicles, to the division of the city into rising tiers separated by retaining walls. It was, as most of our societies are, a class-divided structure with manual workers at the lowest segment, rising from their supervisors, bureaucrats, and executives to the bosses at the pinnacle. It also had an enormous public stadium right at the top. We believe that the much-touted ‘world’s first street sign’ was not written in their script but was inscribed in pictograms like our airport signs.

It is more than likely that the Dholavirans set up their export-oriented, industrial city close to the source of their raw materials: sea shells, semi-precious stones polished by the sea, copper, clay, and firewood. Their trademark seals have been found in Mesopotamia, and we have seen a bead pierced with a hole so small that only human hair could pass through it.

This was an industrial, export-oriented civilisation with all its impressive factories, furnaces, foundries, and kilns belching smoke across the wetlands of the Rann and away from the city. Dholavira’s appetite for wood was insatiable. When the wetland forests had been consumed and piles of ash had built up, fresh water gave way to salinity.

Dholavira was choked by its own efficiency and by its inability to realise that its once-sacrosanct old ways, its set-in-stone cultural patterns, its revered?sanskriti, provided no solutions to modern problems.

For us, Dholavira is not only the most intriguing archaeological site in our land, it also holds a number of messages which could, collectively, upset the traditional belief on which many of us base our most cherished presumptions. These questions are likely to get a new life because, at long last, UNESCO has placed Dholavira on its World Heritage List. Here are a few of the possible queries.

• Does a nomadic, cattle-herding civilisation need the decimal system? An export-oriented civilisation, trading in valuable gems, jewellery, and alloys would, however, need such precise valuation methods.
• Would herdsmen, dealing with a maximum of a thousand head of livestock, need the sophisticated calculations of the zero-based decimal system? But wouldn’t such complex mathematical calculations be a normal part of transactions involving minute quantities of alloys and other high-valued materials?
• Sanskrit has the most phonetically precise alphabet known to man. It is the most suitable language for high-value precision trade because it can capture the exact pronunciation of the item as expressed in its native tongue. Have we not been able to find the original language of the Dholavirans and their kin in Lothal and Rakhi Garhi, because it has been hidden in plain sight? Did the cattle-herding, nomadic Aryans, adopt the existing cultural practices of the Dholavirans? Was Sanskrit a part of their ancient?sanskriti?adopted from an earlier race?

Questions are the lifeblood of scientific inquiry as they are of political dialogue. In fact, they are the essence of any dialogue. As Gautama Buddha said, “Question everything. Even what I say.”

That is an excellent point to end this column.